Performance of agency-managed and farmer-managed irrigation systems: A comparative case study at Chitwan, Nepal

Management reforms are considered one of the best alternatives in increasing efficiency of the irrigation systems. Transfer of day-to-day operation and maintenance to farmers is not a new concept. However due to lags, even now it is a hot issue in developing countries and Nepal is not an exception. In this context of growing argument about the transfer of management of public irrigation systems to the Water Users' Group, this paper examines the comparative performance of farmer-managed and agency-managed irrigation systems. Khageri Irrigation System in the Chitwan district of Nepal was taken as the study site where complete management transfer has been done in 1996. The situations before and after complete transfer were compared. Intensive case studies of the selected farmers showed that equity in distribution of water and leakage had significantly improved after management transfer. Logit analysis revealed that age and education level of the household head, distance from main canal, leakage of the canal and equity in distribution are significantly related to the satisfaction level of the beneficiary farmers from FMIS compared to AMIS. However, landholding size of the respondent farmer has no significant effect. Similarly results from t-test revealed that rice productivity and overall profits from agriculture has also increased significantly due to irrigation management transfer.     

‘福山包头’大白菜叶柄黑点病发生特点及抗性分析

以‘福山包头’大白菜为试材,利用田间调查、显微观察和叶片离体培养的方法,对‘福山包头’系列大白菜叶柄黑点病的发生特点及抗性进行了研究,以期为改善‘福山包头’大白菜抗病性及新品种选育提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)大白菜叶柄黑点病主要发生于叶柄表皮细胞且起始于细胞周质或细胞壁,该病可发生于大白菜的整个生育期,且进入包心期后发展较快;(2)氮素能诱导叶柄黑点病的发生,且铵态氮较硝态氮诱导效果更明显;(3)氮素浓度与叶柄黑点病的发病程度呈正相关,但氮素并不是影响叶柄黑点病发生的唯一因素;(4)‘福山包头’系列大白菜种质资源中,‘福东2号’‘福山82’对叶柄黑点病的抗性较强,‘福小87-13-13’‘皱福’的抗性较弱。     

成熟度对‘红地球’葡萄氨基酸营养价值的影响

【目的】探明不同成熟度对‘红地球’葡萄氨基酸营养价值的影响。【方法】以不同成熟度(盛花期后88~123 d)的‘红地球’葡萄为试材,测定果实氨基酸含量。同时,以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准蛋白,WHO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,进行氨基酸营养价值评估。【结果】‘红地球’葡萄至少包含18种氨基酸,包括8种必需氨基酸、2种儿童必需氨基酸。氨基酸含量随着采摘期变化而变化,其中必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、儿童必需氨基酸、药用氨基酸、支链氨基酸、增香与着色氨基酸、伯胺基氨基酸、特殊功效氨基酸含量(w,后同)分别为557.3~659.7、1 176.3~1 690.8、326.8~703.8、1 130.0~1 644.1、231.7~285.3、926.1~1 404.8、1 126.0~1 609.0、1 032.9~1 510.7 mg·kg^-1,组间差异显著(p <0.05),在完全成熟期Ⅰ达到峰值;精氨酸、天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸等风味氨基酸含量与其味觉阈值的比值分别介于2.62~6.31、4.50~5.47和4.64~6.09,随着采摘期的延长呈先升后降变化趋势。氨基酸评分、化学评分和氨基酸比值系数分依次为11.33~14.07、18.32~4.43、49.70~57.04。苯丙氨酸等8种氨基酸含量相对不足,赖氨酸和苏氨酸含量相对过剩。【结论】不同成熟度对‘红地球’葡萄氨基酸含量及其营养价值影响显著。     

“巨峰”葡萄热处理茎尖培养技术研究

以"巨峰"葡萄为试材,经热处理后取其茎尖进行离体培养,通过调整激素的种类和浓度,筛选出了适宜"巨峰"葡萄茎尖分化和生根的培养基;通过对不同移栽基质的研究,筛选出了移栽成活率较高的基质配方。结果表明:38℃热处理时葡萄苗发芽率最高,可达86.67%;以GS为基本培养基,附加BA 0.5mg/L与NAA 0.1mg/L,最适宜于"巨峰"葡萄茎尖分化成苗,分化率可达70.00%;生根培养基以GS+IBA 0.06mg/L的生根率最高。适宜"巨峰"葡萄茎尖组培苗移栽的基质为河沙1份+水苔1份。     

多因素影响下农民收入增加的综合能力分析——以贵州省新农村“百村试点”为例

将省级新农村建设示范点小康村、温饱村、贫困村各自相邻(农村经济水平尽量相近)的对照村(非示范村)作为对比进行抽样调查,通过多因素影响对增加农民收入的综合能力进行分析,结果表明:对照村农民人均年收入均低于示范村,说明政府资金投入对示范村的当地产业发展、相应的配套政策和宏观指导有积极的推动作用;农民人均年收入、人力资本受教育程度、区位优势是农民收入增加3个主要制约因素;外出务工的工资性收入的增加、贵州近年自然灾害频发、农业生产的经济成本不断提高是农村劳动力减半的主要原因。根据以上调研结果,提出贵州新农村建设需要采取的相应对策。     

探究读者心理提高服务质量——以海南大学图书馆为例

高校图书馆的服务对象是文化水平较高的读者,研究和掌握读者心理,了解读者的需求,有助于问题和矛盾的解决,使得图书馆的教育职能和情报职能充分发挥,更好地为高校读者服务。     

农业院校发酵工程实验课程教学改革

对发酵工程实验课进行改革,以提高学生在实验课中的主体地位。     

景观规划控制构建城市特色研究

通过对欧美和日本等国景观规划控制的总结和我国景观规划控制现状的分析,促使在借鉴他国先进经验的基础上,结合我国实际情况,提出相应的手段与方法以提升我国景观规划控制水平,并展望新的目标,以有效保护和构建有特色的城市形象。     

‘鸭梨’钙调素基因的克隆与表达分析

以‘鸭梨’为材料,用RT-PCR及RACE技术克隆CaM,并借助实时定量PCR技术分析‘鸭梨’花、叶及果实不同发育时期的表达模式,获得了2个长度为764和801bp的CaM cDNA序列,分别命名为PbCaM1和PbCaM2,二者均含有450bp完整开放阅读框,编码149个氨基酸,且氨基酸序列相同。‘鸭梨’CaM在系统进化上具有高度保守性,与苹果相比,两者氨基酸序列为100%一致性。PbCaM1和PbCaM2具有时空表达特异性,它们在成叶、盛花期花瓣和幼果期表达量较高。本研究表明CaM具有高度保守性,PbCaM1和PbCaM2在‘鸭梨’果实早期生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用。     

Establishment of Efficient Regeneration System of Populus×euramericana cl.‘Bofeng’

Compared with the species of Leuce section,the difficulty in plant regeneration during tissue culture for the species of Aigeiros section is a key limiting factor for their application in genetic engineering of forest trees.In this study,the plant growth regulators combination,copper concentration,light intensity,and the selection pressures of kanamycin were investigated using leaves of Populus×euramericana cl.’Bofeng’ as explants,and a stable and high efficient regeneration system was established.Using this system,both the shoot regeneration rate and rooting rate were up to 100%,and the average number of differentiated shoots in each leaf explant was up to 20,and the survival rate of seedlings reached 98%.The optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in shoot inducement for leaf-explant was 40 mg·L^-1,and the optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in root inducement of adventitious bud was 20 mg·L^-1.The authors also found that differentiation rate of adventitious buds of P.×euramericana cl.’Bofeng’ could be significantly promoted by increased copper concentration,and this is the first report about the key role of copper（Cu） in explant regeneration of Poplars.This regeneration system with high frequency which was established by the authors was as good as that of species of Leuce section,and it provides a good technological platform for genetic engineering of forest tree which uses the species of Aigeiros section as model materials.